2013년 11월 28일 목요일

About 'united health care for providers'|... to find the necessary solutions that will lead to more affordable health care for Alaskans. I support flexibility in government regulations that allow competition...







About 'united health care for providers'|... to find the necessary solutions that will lead to more affordable health care for Alaskans. I support flexibility in government regulations that allow competition...








How               does               technology               affect               healthcare?

Webster               dictionary               defines               technology               as               the               practical               application               of               knowledge               especially               in               a               particular               area.

The               motivating               factor               underlying               all               technological               activities               is               the               desire               to               fulfill               a               need.

Health-care               technologies               have               been               employed               to               extend               human               life,               to               reduce               pain,               disease               risk,               and               to               improve               patient's               quality               of               life.
               The               following               technologies               are               considered               to               be               health               technology
               Drugs:               e.g.,               antibiotics,               ACE               inhibitors,               aspirin,               beta-blockers,               antibiotics,                              Biologics:               gene               therapies,               antibodies                              Devices:               e.g.,               pacemakers,               CT               scanners                              Diagnostic               tests:               e.g.

DNA               fecal               test               for               colorectal               cancer,               genome               sequencing                              Medical               and               surgical               procedures:               e.g.,               psychotherapy,               coronary               angiography,               gastric               banding               operation               for               weight               loss                              Support               systems:               e.g.,               electronic               patient               record               systems,               telemedicine               systems,                              Organizational               and               managerial               systems:               e.g.,               cholesterol               management               program,               billing               and               accounting.

These               technologies               can               be               used               to               prevent               diseases               (e.g.,               immunization,               chemoprevention               against               cancer,               nutrigenetics),               to               screen               diseases               in               asymptomatic               people               (e.g.,               mammography,               colonoscopy,               cholesterol               testing),               to               diagnose               (e.g.,               electrocardiogram,               x-ray               for               broken               bones),               to               treat               diseases               (e.g.,               gene               therapy,               biologics               for               adjuvant               chemotherapy),               to               rehabilitate               (e.g.,               physical               therapy)               and               to               assist,               to               reduce               errors               (electronic               medical               records,               computerized               order               physician               entry               )

How               to               evaluate               a               health               technology?

We               have               to               make               decisions               everyday               about               how               to               spend               our               money,               e.g.

how               much               we               are               going               to               spend               on               shoes,               on               clothes,               on               food,               how               much               we               are               going               to               give               away               to               charity.

The               same               thing               happens               in               health               care.

The               policy               makers               need               to               make               decisions               regarding               which               health               care               technologies               to               fund,               drawing               from               collective               resources.
               In               the               U.S.,               the               cost               of               health               technology               has               skyrocketed               in               the               past               few               decades.

Several               novel               drugs               and               procedures               cost               in               the               range               of               hundreds               of               thousand               US               dollars               routinely               prescribed               to               patients.

Obviously,               no               patients               or               doctor               refuse               access               to               state-of-the-art               technology,               and               although               these               technologies               may               improve/prolong               survival               or               improve               quality               of               life               for               patients,               they               put               a               lot               of               stress               on               the               system               and               reduce               resources               that               can               be               spent               for               other               causes,               e.g.

preventive               medicine.

Given               the               limited               resource,               it               is               important               to               give               careful               considerations               to               the               cost-effectiveness               of               health               technology.

The               growth               of               health               technology               assessment               (HTA)               in               the               U.S.

reflects               this               demand.
               Health               technology               assessment               is               a               process               designed               to               "provide               decision               makers               with               information               about               the               possible               impacts               and               consequences               of               a               new               technology               or               a               significant               change               in               an               old               technology.

It               is               concerned               with               both               direct               and               indirect               or               secondary               consequences,               both               benefits               and               disbenefits,               and               with               mapping               the               uncertainties               involved               in               any               government               or               private               use               or               transfer               of               a               technology.
               HTA               was               first               developed               in               U.S.,               but               has               gained               popularity               worldwide.

In               the               United               Kingdom,               National               Institute               for               Health               and               Clinical               Excellence               (NICE)               decides               whether               a               new               technology               will               be               used               in               the               National               Health               Service               (NHS)               based               on               its               cost-effectiveness               analysis.

The               stake-holders               of               HTAs               include
               Regulatory               agencies,               e.g.

about               whether               a               drug,               device               or               technology               is               permitted               for               commercial               use               Health               care               payers,               providers,               and               employers,               e.g.

about               whether               a               technology               should               be               reimbursed.

Hospitals,               health               care               networks               Standards-setting               organizations               for               health               technology               and               health               care               Government               health               department               officials               about               public               health               programs               Lawmakers               and               other               political               leaders               Health               care               product               companies               Clinicians               and               patients               
Often,               several               fields               of               expertise               are               required               to               perform               HTA.

So               a               HTA               may               involve               a               wide               range               of               experts,               from               physicians,               nurses,               dentists,               managers,               technicians,               biomedical               and               clinical               engineers,               pharmacologists,               patients               and               patient               affairs               representatives,               epidemiologists,               biostatisticians,               economists,               lawyers,               to               social               scientists,               computer               programmers.

References:
               Introduction               to               Health               Technology               Assessment






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